McDonald’s: An Iconic Chinese Restaurant

McDonald’s is an iconic figure in America, almost every household has eaten there at least once, but what about other countries around the world? In Golden Arches East: McDonald's in East Asia, James Watson uses the logos rhetorical appeal to make his points about the iconic McDonald’s status in China throughout McDonald’s in Hong Kong. He does this most effectively via his many uses of evidence he gathered from talking to the Chinese people in Hong Kong that patronize the restaurant, evidence gathered from speaking with the management of the McDonald’s in Hong Kong and his own observations. James Watson’s McDonald’s in Hong Kong begins by showing the reader the importance of food to the Cantonese customer. Cantonese people are proud of their food and most of the older generations are able to describe a single meal in detail many years after eating it. The author goes on to describe how McDonald’s has incorporated themselves into the local culture by accepting and embracing local beliefs instead of trying to change them and by being adaptable in the running of the business. Watson also describes the emergence of a new culture springing out of the American based business by bringing former non-practices like celebrating birthdays into practice and providing areas safe for younger generations to form their own identities through group activities. Food is an integral part of human life all over the world, but in China food is also an integral part of human society. Older generations of Chinese people are frequently able to describe in exact detail a single meal from start to finish including where the food came from and what dishes were used in the serving of the meal. As evidenced within the text Mr. Man â€Å"recounted–in exacting detail–the flavor and texture of each dish, the sequence of spices, and the order of presentation† (77). This is worthy to note only because the meal, according to the author, took place fifty years prior (78). Clearly, Mr. Man is an older gentleman at the time this interview takes place, but other generations of Chinese people also place importance on food. Children did not celebrate birthdays in China until recently and the parties that are held are ranked by the type of fruit on the cake. Watson states, â€Å"the birthday cake is an infallible status marker among younger consumers; specifically, the type and quality of fruit used to decorate the cake is what matters most† (104). This is used as evidence to back up the previous statement that â€Å"Around the age of four, Hong Kong children begin to develop a fine-tuned sense of social distinction that is reflected in consumption patterns† (104). These observations and interviews clearly show the evidence to back up the claims and arguments made by the author. McDonald’s restaurants are not the first fast food restaurants to be introduced to Hong Kong although the franchise entered the country in 1975. â€Å"By the time McDonald's opened its first Hong Kong restaurant in 1975, the idea of fast food was already well established among local consumers† (80). There were fast-food places, operating since the 1950’s, that sold quick Chinese delicacies for the lunch crowds already in place and accepted by the culture. The author uses this information to begin effectively establishing how well McDonald’s restaurants are faring in Hong Kong. The reason for the success of the integration and subsequent popularity, according to the author, comes from many different areas. The manager took deliberate steps to make sure that the people knew that the restaurant was foreign, going so far as to keep the name of the restaurant in English for the first few years (82-83). Afterwards, when the manager had decided it was time, he decided to translate the name phonetically instead of literally. â€Å"Mr. Ng decided to capture the sound of â€Å"McDonald's,† in three homophonic characters, rather than create a name that would convey meaning–thus making the company appear to be a Chinese enterprise† (83). McDonald’s is not seen as a foreign institution, but is an accepted Chinese restaurant (107). The McDonald’s chain has succeeded in becoming an icon in China’s new popular culture (86). Children often are seen entering these restaurants after school to study or get together with their friends. They have birthday parties as young children and, according to the author, it is â€Å"the students, with their book bags and computers, who have claimed McDonald's as their own† (106). The author uses the argument that study space is limited in Hong Kong to help the reader visualize the reasons for the children and teens to go to McDonald’s in order to study for exams and meet with friends. Watson states, â€Å"Interviews with teenagers revealed that McDonald's is perceived as a place that offers more space, in the literal sense of distance between tables, than any other public eatery in Hong Kong (save for the more expensive restaurants)† (106). Clearly, McDonald’s is seen as a safe place for children and teens to gather and spend time without fear of violence and the author even states that McDonald's staff keep a sharp watch for possible fights or disruptions, but trouble of this nature rarely breaks out in fast food restaurants. Managers know by sight most of the gang members in their neighborhood and sometimes delegate a (large) male employee to shadow potential troublemakers-standing uncomfortably close to them, watching every move (105). It is for these reasons, among many others, that McDonald’s has the iconic status in China that it does. By setting themselves as the standard, based upon the evidence given by the author through observations, interviews with clientele and interviews with the management, McDonald’s restaurants have become an integral part of Chinese society. The arguments put forth by the author, as evidenced in this paper, make for an effective argument about the importance of McDonald’s on Chinese society. By using quotes from clientele and management alike, Watson backs up his statements and beliefs enough to make them wholly reliable. The inclusion of facts gleaned from the McDonald’s corporation also serves to support his conclusions he has reached that McDonald’s is part of a new cultural era in Hong Kong.

What Every Leader Needs to Know

In the book Leadership 101` by John C. Maxwell he delivered his point of views on how to develop the intellectual insight regarding and spiritual beliefs. Based on his achievements as a leader himself, Maxwell points out that it is important to express leadership through the application of public education the true meaning of faith in leadership. He further notes the procedures behind how to become a more enlightened leader, by having a common purpose and common vision. Through the said book, he discussed his hopes and dreams for himself as well as for the public education, for the different leaders and for the world. His major goal is to build a strong public education that will help the children to easily enhance their skills, and to support the needs of the students primarily with regards the moral and spiritual values. Through public education, the different kinds of beliefs can easily be discussed in formal and legal ways, and public education is the best opportunity to build different essential concepts that will connect the people within the human society. Another goal of Maxwell is to frequently develop the â€Å"Dimension of Leadership†; though leadership is a great privilege to a person who has the chance in having the skills needed for it, the authors define the exact value of what are the valuable insights that a perfect leader should have. Also the responsibilities of the leader, which should always be his major priority for the benefits of his community; this will lead to a wellness and successful organization in the society that he serves. Wise leadership in spiritual, moral, and educational program is one of the major keys in a certain country’s future success; it is the best way to create a fruitful result that can give hope to the citizens of a particular society. Moreover, in order to build and have better leadership status in the future, the authors of book entitled â€Å"Spiritual Dimension of Leadership† provide some important guidelines that will fit to the prospective leaders. They offer the eight key principles that can lead to a prospective leader to become a valuable and enlightened leader, it is important to discussed this eight key principle in order to understand and enlightened the important point of views on how to become a better leader and spiritual adviser to the societies and communities. These are the following guidelines that a prospective leader should have to seriously apply and understand carefully in order to empower his leadership. Intention- In leadership it is important to know what is the real intention of the leader in his activities and programs, because all the related activities that are usually directed by the leader and provided by the members will always reflect his physical and moral values. Attention- A true leader must always visualize the needs and benefits of his team; in order to develop a progressive idea the leader should always give his full attention to the programs and activities that are very beneficial to the community. Unique Gifts and Talents- Special skills and talents are God given gifts to every individual; it is also temporarily stored to human body, by building and developing a set of better programs and activities, leaders are extending their best to use their skills and intellectual thinking to provide a humanistic and unbiased leadership to his community. Gratitude- Leadership is not all about the giving of commands and duties, in order to achieve the main goal; an acting leader should have an interpersonal emotion, greater acceptance, and dipper appreciation for handling a serious obligation, also by receiving a lively sense of favors grateful acceptance is also required in order to have a better leadership practice application. Unique life lessons- Though leadership is always creating some comparisons, developing uniqueness is a big factor to create a better relationship towards other members, by using personal experience to provide a useful knowledge, â€Å"Unique life lessons† is a big contribution in having an enlightened leader. Holistic Perspective- This kind of principle is also required to inspire the members to also achieve their goals. By emphasizing the importance of the members in the society, through the implementations of the holistic perspective true leadership will be more effective. Openness- To achieve a wise leadership especially in education, openness is a big impact to create a better leadership. Leaders should always be open-minded in terms of the ideas and theories that are represented by the members of the public constituents. Any problems should seriously be discussed properly. Trust- The most important things that the leaders in spiritual and educational area should apply is trust, leaders should always create their different perspectives as well as the progressive idea on how to lead a certain group; however, trust is the major factor in continuously aiming and becoming a leader. However, trust remains to be the core reason needed for the leadership skill applications to be successful enough for the organizations being served. If the insights written within the pages of the book being discussed in here will always prevail within the society’s leaders, it could be easily expected that better days are ready to come ahead as the future generation of human civilization sprouts out to serve the different countries around the globe. The book indeed provides the most necessary inspiration that leaders need to posses in leading the nation or any other social organization, trust and knowledge that would lead to a more successful future and a more effective leading procedure. Several Important Ideas of the Reading: Part I: The Development of a Leader 1. Why Should I Grow as a Leader? The McDonald brothers versus Ray Kroc in developing McDonalds. 2. How Can I Grow as a Leader? Teddy Roosevelt Part II: The Traits of a Leader 3. How Can I Become Disciplined? Jerry Rice 4. How Should I Prioritize My Life? Paul Tsongas 5. How Do I Develop Trust? Billy Graham 6. How Can I Effectively Cast Vision? Walt Disney Part III: The Impact of Leader 7. Why Is Influence Important? Princess Diana 8. How Does Influence Work? Robert Dilenschneider 9. How Can I Extend My Influence? His father 10. How Can I Make My Leadership Last? Roberto Goizueta Within the entire context of the reading, Maxwell intended to help everyone see the importance of leadership both to one’s self and towards the others. This is a particular fact that needs to be considered well by every individual wanting to become a leader of others towards the betterment of the system of any organizations or groups that they intend to work for. BIBLIOGRAPHY: John Maxwell. (2002). Leadership 101: What Every Leader Needs to Know. Thomas Nelson Press.

Implications for Managers of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Essay

Implications for Managers of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) - Essay Example However, managers of the multinationals that seek to venture into emerging economies need to evaluate the business environment as their strategies are shaped by forces beyond their control. The managers have a vital role to play while formulating new strategies and organizational structures when dealing with Governments and companies in emerging markets. Financial strategy The emerging markets have fast growing GDPs thereby offering the MNCs with great opportunities and profit potential. However, the MNCs face not only the risks of cultural and institutional differences, the managers of the MNCs also have to take into account the risks inherent in unpredictable politics and unstable economies (Anonymous, 1995). The managers thus have the responsibility to develop financial strategies that provide protection from excessive risks. As far as financial strategies are concerned, some MNCs use instruments such as asset-backed securities while others work with regional and global banks. Fin ancial institutions such as the Asian Development Bank help the governments establish priorities for economic reform and development. The regional/local governments offer resistance to MNCs as it fears the domestic production would be affected. The governments feel that while the MNCs would bring cutting-edge technology along with FDI into emerging economies, there is resistance from the domestic competitors. The managers must also take into account technology transfer, cultural distance, international experience, immigrant experience, industrial barriers, foreign exchange rate and host country barriers (Zhao & Decker, 2004). The MNCs have the power to stifle economy because of their sheer size or so believes the emerging economy governments and hence the MNCs may face protectionist attitude from the host governments. MNCs may have anti-corporate and anti-establishment sentiments triggered by the civil societies in the host governments. Thus through the right entry strategy the mana gers can overcome resistance offered by the protectionist government. The MNCs enter Central and Eastern Europe by forming strategic alliances through acquiring privatized firms or state-owned enterprises (Rondinelli & Black, 2000). These MNCs face the challenge of privatization although some governments do move ahead at speed to privatize the SOEs. Some Eastern Europe governments do make it difficult for foreign investors to enter into strategic alliances or form joint ventures. Russia receives very little FDI because of the high tariffs and non-tariff barriers on FDI. In fact, in some of the developing economies, the MNCs are seen as threats by some SOEs, privatized companies, government agencies or political interest groups that do not support foreign domination. Therefore the challenge for the MNC managers lies in developing alliances or acquisitions that benefits the shareholders, the host-country counterparts and the local government as well. The managers must hence prioritize business objectives while also selecting the best entry channels. They must evaluate the potential impact on the host-country stakeholders and determine local partner fit. If MNCs are seen as partners in privation and economic transformation the alliances or acquisitions are more likely to succeed. Substantial restructuring may need to be implemented by the MNCs to

Painting - George Washington Crossing the Delaware Essay

Painting - George Washington Crossing the Delaware - Essay Example The essay "Painting - George Washington Crossing the Delaware" focuses on the George Washington Crossing the Delaware, painted in 1851 by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. The obvious mismatch in dates between the creation of the painting and the actual crossing of the Delaware suggest that this was an event that was painted well after the fact – in fact, well after many of the recognizable men in the boat had been placed in their graves. Understanding a little about the history of the painting itself, along with the artist who painted it, helps to unravel some of the historical elements of the painting, both accurate and inaccurate. Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze was a German-born painter who spent much of his life hopping back and forth across the Atlantic. He was born in Wurttemberg, Germany in the spring of 1816 and was brought to America as a small boy. It is known that he was in America in 1825 but that by 1841 he was on his way back to Germany again to take a course in art at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Bowman, 1995). From his earliest works, one can begin to see his fascination with historical subjects as his first work, purchased by the Dusseldorf Art Union, was entitled Columbus before the Council of Salamanca. According to John Bowman’s (1995) essay on the painter, Leutze determined to paint the image of one of the more decisive moments of the Revolutionary War as a means of supporting the various revolutionary movements that were then taking place in Europe at the time of the painting.

Is speed of growth important to facebook's success Essay

Is speed of growth important to facebook's success - Essay Example an Heiliger, vice president of technical operations at Facebook when he spoke to CNET News.coms Dan Farber in an interview on July of 2008 (CNET News.com 2008). Today, the statistic shows 300 million active users whom the 50% of that users are logging on to Facebook at any given day (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics). What makes this social networking site so cool and engaging? What makes it so different from any other sites that has the same platform? What are the factors of its success? If speed of growth is the major factor of the Facebook’s success, there must be reasons then that this speedy growth is taking place. 1. User friendly interface – compared to other social networking media, Facefook is so much easier to use. According to Regnard Raquendan, (web and usability consultant), the key that holds the success of Facebook is its usability (http://webstandards.raquedan.com/?p=251). Its applications are very easy to learn, no wonder even older people find it easy to use. Its efficiency is quite remarkable; it performs actions fast, from friend recommendations to displaying of mutual friends. Its graphic design and layout is consistent. People are satisfied with its simplicity (Rquendan, 2008). 2. Strong links – in the world of technology, strong links means the capability to connect with other people and institutions easily or effortlessly. Strong links allow people to have direct communication with other people. In social point of view, these strong links are equivalent to families, close friends and colleagues. Weak links namely friends of friends, acquaintances, co-church members, and many others like these are also social links no matter what. In connection with Facebook, it is this power to connect people is the one that contributes to its success. It can easily link people together, and those who are not close to each other have now the opportunity to know each other better, and become true friends. It has the ability to

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Homework - Essay Example Everybody should be very keen with the code of ethics that the respective field of work demands to maintain confidence and respect with the target clients. For instance, photojournalism has been a field of discussion because of bleach of ethics as the field has very many clients. The photos that they present on the media have drawn a wide range of comments with most people condemning the act. The field has damaged its reputation for the awkward photos on the media that do not respect the feelings of the viewers and the readers. It is high time that the state governments should put strategies that will help restructure photojournalism to ensure that the journalists observe ethics in the fields. In conclusion, photojournalism has been a topic of discussion for all wrong reasons because of failure by the field experts to observe ethics in their work. Therefore, to curb this uncouth behavior by the photojournalists the authorities should take strict measures to rebuild the lost reputation in this

Mystery Shopper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mystery Shopper - Assignment Example The three travel agencies provide a wide range of services including organizing cruises, guided tours, vacations, and flights among others. However, each company has a unique offering. Although they operate in the same sector, I must admit that my experience with each of the three travel agencies was quite different. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of my experiences after visiting the three travel agencies. Liberty Travel – when I visited Liberty Travel, the first impression I got was that of a well-established company. The office was quite big considering that it was a travel agency. There were between 50 and 60 employees in the large office that was organized in such a way that one could actually see the entire space. The employees looked motivated and welcoming. I was attended to immediately I entered the office. The employee who attended to me was very jovial, which I loved. She was very keen on listening to me and provided me with all the information that I needed. The packages they were offering were very good. I was particularly pleased to know that the company could organize personalized vacations where the customer would suggest what experiences he or she would love. However, the main weakness I found in Liberty Travel was their pricing. The company had very high prices, which I thought was over the board. If I owned the company, I would provide a variety of packages at different prices to accommodate the rich as well as the middle income people. American Express Travel – the American Express Travel office was quite small with less than 30 employees. However, I noted that there were very many customers waiting to be served. Personally, I waited for about 10 minutes to be served, which I felt was a weakness in the company. The employees were warm and welcoming. However, they did not seem as keen with customers as I had witnessed at Liberty Travel. For example, rather than help me fill out the forms,

The role of a dissertation committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The role of a dissertation committee - Essay Example Indeed, the dissertation committee "has several critical functions" (Studies, 2006) which is why the committee members are selected with tremendous caution. While the committee initially may serve as an invaluable resource to the candidate during the formulation, research and writing phases of the dissertation, they also provide important feedback, guidance and maintain that the efforts of the candidate are properly guided. Furthermore the committee is responsible for conducting a formal defense of the dissertation proposal before the student proceeds further. (Studies, 2006) The chair is responsible for ultimately guiding the doctoral candidate into creating a piece that is original and a worthy contribution to their field. The dissertation committee additionally serves the graduate school and the faculty of the graduate school.. This is done by providing the perspective of one who is not a specialist on the quality of the dissertation. Thus it cannot be said that the committee mere ly assists and represents the student. Their role must not and should not be minimalized as the court in Johnson did.. Note that the judge does not take a position on whether Yale owes a fiduciary duty to Johnson, but allows him to attempt to demonstrate this duty in court. What aspects of the relationship between a graduate student and her faculty advisors might create a fiduciary relationship How does this relationship differ from that of the attorney/client or trustee/beneficiary relationship It is easy to see a fiduciary relationship based upon the supervisory relation between the student and the dissertation board. What is lacking, however and unlike the attorney/client and trustee/beneficiary relationship is the actual payment of fees for that professionals services. A university is paid for the education, but the dissertation committee is not paid directly. I think that there is a somewhat different relationship. Honestly, the answer lies in what the court of a particular jurisdiction defines as a "fiduciary duty. Internet surfing indicates that fiduciary duty is defined as the trust relationship between two people but notably refers to attorneys as an example.1 While there is a relationship between the student and the dissertation committee, I do not think it rises to the level of fiduciary duty. In the CPM, read the case Grutter v. Bollinger and answer Questions 3 and 4 in at least two pages. 3.The Grutter majority opinion (like the Gratz majority opinion) applies "strict scrutiny" review to the affirmative action plan at issue. Why does strict scrutiny review apply here What are the components of strict scrutiny review The dissenting Justices also agree that strict scrutiny review applies, but they disagree with the way in which the majority applies strict scrutiny. What is the crux of this disagreement The reason why the strict scrutiny test is applied is because any issue with regards to race must have more than a mere governmental interest for the government to intervene in any matter, there must be a strong basis and not simply opinion but actual evidence to go with it. These are the components of strict scrutiny review. The reason for the splintering of the Justices, I believe, was best said by Justice Powell, who was careful to emphasize that in his view race "is only one element in a range of factors a university properly may consider in attaining the goal of a heterogeneous student

Union Bank of Norway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Union Bank of Norway - Essay Example This would enable the bank’s management to investigate past trends in consumers’ behavior towards prediction of possible changes in customers’ behavior and needs. This could identify avenues towards improved sales and revenues. The centralized data bank would also facilitate cheaper, time efficient and procedurally efficient data retrieval and analysis towards understanding customers. The data bank was successful as both top personnel in the organization and customers testified of its significance in improving customer relations towards cost-effective processes and improved revenues. The head of the bank’s customer relations management, for example, testified that the databank became essential to the organization leading to 70 percent response from customers. The customers also appreciated the project’s significance towards meeting their needs. The project, however, faced the challenge of change in organizational structure as it dictated establishment of new offices and roles. Based on the experience from the project, the bank’s customer relations manager noted that organizations should develop a clear goal of what they want to achieve and strive towards it step by step, and customer relations initiatives are a series of continuous process. The study also noted identified an increase in investments in and application of data analysis among organizations. (Dyche, p. 144- 148).

Managerial Economics - Traded Firm and the Global Competition Research Paper

Managerial Economics - Traded Firm and the Global Competition - Research Paper Example In the leisure market due to the availability of large aircraft like Boeing 747 has made it very convenient and affordable for the common people for travelling and exploring new destinations for luxury purposes as well as business needs (The Airline Industry, 2012). With enormous growth in the airline industry the governments of many developing countries are reaping mammoth benefits and utilizing those benefits in spurring massive development in different sectors of the economy (The Airline Industry, 2012). But with this extensive growth many new potential competitors (airlines companies) are infiltrating the industry and there exists cut throat competition. The companies who are thriving in the industry are developing and implementing strategies on a daily basis for gaining competitive edge over one another. The company who loses its edge comes out of the market and has to shut down its business operations. The airlines industry is almost a perfectly competitive market where each pl ayers influence is minimal. The paper will discuss the market dynamics of Etihad airlines which is an Asian airline with the price elasticity of its products, cost structure, strategic decisions and recommendations which will allow the company to strive in this highly competitive airlines market. Propulsive expansion in the Asian airline industry As Etihad airline is an Asian airline and so highlight will be entailed on the current Asian airline industry. The Asian airlines industry despite of some exceptions have encountered tremendous recovery from the year 2008/2009 which was predominated by deep recession which adversely affected the global demand for air travel and air freight. There has been an escalated expansion in the numbers of passengers, premium travels and so on. The load factors of Asia Pacific airlines have recovered and have surpassed the peak levels of 2007. A large part of this can be attributed to the cautious move made by these airline companies in reinstating th e capacities cut during the economic downturn. This has led the industry to either raise ticket or the cargo charges or that of reducing the discounts previously offered. The rise in the number of passengers and higher traffic has yielded positive results reflecting in the operating profits for most of the airlines. Although the hike in the jet fuel prices have been a symptom of worry for the airlines. Since the year 2009, the price of the jet fuel has multiplied around two times keeping in line with the rise in the price of the crude oil. Higher fuel prices are indeed an important constraint which hampers the present profitability as well as the future growth trajectory of the companies (Seah & Yusof, 2010, p.1). Etihad airways -Legacy Etihad Airways is a national airline of United Arab Emirates. In eight years the airline company has been able to establish itself as one of the world’s leading airlines company. The airlines company was established by Royal (Amiri) Decree in July 2003 and has been able to establish itself as fastest growing in the commercial aviation history. The airline’s fleet of around 66 aircrafts has the operation capacity of 1000 flights per week. The airline provides serves unparalleled network of around 84 passengers and cargo destinations in areas like Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia and North America. The company also owns around 30 percent of airberlin which is the sixth largest carrier and 40 percent of Air Seychelles. The

Tesco Essay Example for Free

Tesco Essay The Tesco. com site acts as a portal to most of Tescos products, including various non-food ranges (for example, Books, DVDs and Electrical items under the ‘Extra’ banner), Tesco Personal Finance and the telecoms businesses, as well as services offered in partnership with specialist companies, such as dieting clubs, flights and holidays, music downloads, gas, electricity and DVD rentals. Tesco Competitors Tesco currently leads the UK’s other leading grocery retailers in terms of market share. This pattern is repeated online. The compilation below is from Hitwise (2005) and the figures in brackets show market share for traditional offline retail formats from the Taylor Nelson Softres Super panel (see superpanel. tns-global. com) 1. Tesco superstore 27. 28% (29% of retail trade) 2. Asda (13. 36%) 3. Asda @t home 10. 13% (17. 1%) 4. Sainsburys (8. 42%) 5. Tesco wine warehouse, 8. 19% 6. Sainsburys to you 5. 86% (15. 9%) 7. Waitrose. com 3. 42% (3. 6%) 8. Ocado 3. 32% (owned by Waitrose, 3. 6%) 9. Lidl 2. 49% (1. 8%) 10. Aldi-UK 2. 10% (2. 3%) Some companies are repeated since both their main site and the online shopping site are reported on separately. Asda. com now seems to be performing in a consistent manner online to its offline presence. However, Sainsburys online performance seems to be significantly lower compared to its offline performance. Some providers such as Ocado which originally just operated within the London area have a strong local performance. Notably, some of Tesco. com competitors are absent from the Hitwise listing since their strategy has been to focus on retail formats. These are Morrisons (12. 5% retail share, Somerfield (5. 5%) and Co-op (5. 0%). Promotion of service As with other online retailers, Tesco. om relies on in-store advertising and marketing to the supermarkets Clubcard loyalty schemes customer base to persuade customers to shop online. NMA (2005) quotes Nigel Dodd, marketing director at Tesco. com as saying: ‘These are invaluable sources as we have such a strong customer base’. However, for non-food goods the supermarket does advertise online using keyword targeted ads. For existing customers, email marketing and direct mail marketing to provide special offers and promotions to customers is important. According to Humby (2003), e-retailer Tesco. om use what he describes as a ‘commitment-based segmentation’ or ‘loyalty ladder’ which is based on recency of purchase, frequency of purchase and value which is used to identify 6 lifecycle categories which are then further divided to target communications: â€Å"Logged-on†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cautionary†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Developing†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Established†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dedicated†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Logged-off† (the aim here is to winback) Tesco then use automated event-triggered messaging can be created to encourage continued purchase. For example, Tesco. com has a touch strategy which includes a sequence of follow-up communications triggered after different events in the customer lifecycle. In the example given below, communications after event 1 are intended to achieve the objective of converting a web site visitor to action; communications after event 2 are intended to move the customer from a first time purchaser to a regular purchaser and for event 3 to reactivate lapsed purchasers. * Trigger event 1: Customer first registers on site (but does not buy). Auto-response (AR) 1: 2 days after registration e-mail sent offering phone assistance and ? 5 discount off first purchase to encourage trial. * Trigger event 2: Customer first purchases online. AR1: Immediate order confirmationAR2: 5 days after purchase e-mail sent with link to online customer satisfaction survey asking about quality of service from driver and picker (e. g. item quality and substitutions). AR3: Two-weeks after first purchase Direct mail offering tips on how to use service and ? 5 discount on next purchases intended to encourage re-use of online services. AR4: Generic monthly e-newsletter with online exclusive offers encouraging cross-sellingAR5: Bi-weekly alert with personalised offers for customer. AR6: After 2 months ? discount for next shop. AR7: Quarterly mailing of coupons encouraging repeat sales and cross-sales. * Trigger event 3: Customer does not purchase for an extended periodAR1: Dormancy detected – Reactivation e-mail with survey of how the customer is finding the service (to identify any problems) and a ? 5 incentive. AR2: A further discount incentive is used in order to encourage continued usage to shop after the first shop after a break. Tesco’s online product strategy New Media Age (2005) ran a profile of Laura Wade-Gery CEO of Tesco. om since January 2004 which provides an interesting insight into how the business has run. In her first year, total sales were increased 24% to ? 719 million. Laura, is 40 years old, a keen athlete and has followed a varied career developing from a MA in History at Magdalen College, Oxford, an MBA from Insead; Manager and partner in Kleinwort Benson; Manager and senior consultant, Gemini Consulting; Targeted marketing director (Tesco Clubcard), and Group strategy director, Tesco Stores. The growth overseen by Wade-Gery has been achieved thr ough a combination of initiatives. Product range development is one key area. In early 2005, Tesco. com fulfilled 150,000 grocery orders a week but now also offers more intangible offerings, such as e-diets and music downloads. Wade-Gery has also focused on improving the customer experience online – the time it takes for a new customer to complete their first order has been decreased from over an hour to 35 minutes through usability work culminating in a major site revision. To support the business has it diversifies into new areas, Wade-Gery’s strategy was ‘to make home delivery part of the DNA of Tesco’ according to NMA (2005). She continues: ‘What we offer is delivery to your home of a Tesco service – its an obvious extension of the home-delivered groceries concept. ’ My May 2005, Tesco. com had 30,000 customers signed up for DVD rental, through partner Video Island (who run the rival Screenselect service). Over the next year, her target is to treble this total, while also extending home-delivery services to the likes of bulk wine and white goods. Wade-Gery looks to achieve synergy between the range of services offered. For example, its partnership with eDiets can be promoted through the Tesco Clubcard loyalty scheme, with mailings to 10m customers a year. In July 2004, Tesco. com Limited paid ? 2 million for the exclusive licence to eDiets. com in the UK and Ireland under the URLs www. eDietsUK. com and www. eDiets. ie. Through promoting these services through these URLs, Tesco can use the dieting business to grow use of the Tesco. com service and in-store sales. To help keep focus on home retail-delivery, Wade-Gery sold women’s portal iVillage (www. ivillage. co. uk) back to its US owners for an undisclosed sum in March 2004. She explained to NMA: ‘Its a very different sort of product to the other services that were embarking on. In my mind, we stand for providing services and products that you buy, which is slightly different to the world of providing information. ’ The implication is that there was insufficient revenue from ad sales on iVillage and insufficient opportunities to promote Tesco. com sales. However, iVillage was a useful learning experience in that there are some parallels with iVillage, such as message boards and community advisors. Wade-Gery is also director of Tesco Mobile, the joint ‘Pay-As-You-Go’ venture with O2 which is mainly serviced online, although promoted in-store and via direct mail. Tesco also offer broadband and dialup ISP services, but believe the market for Internet telephony (provided through Skype and Vonage for example) is not sufficiently developed. Tesco. com have concentrated on more traditional services which have the demand, for example, Tesco Telecom fixed-line services attracted over a million customers in its first year. However, this is not to say, that Tesco. com will not invest in relatively new services. In November 2004, Tescos introduced a music download service and just six months later, she estimates they have around 10% market share – one of the benefits of launching relatively early. Again, there is synergy, this time with hardware sales. NMA (2005) reported that as MP3 players were unwrapped, sales went up – even on Christmas Day! She says: ‘The exciting thing about digital is where can you take it in the future. As the technology grows, well be able to turn Tesco. com into a digital download store of all sorts, rather than just music. Clearly, film [through video on demand] would be next. ’ But it has to be based firmly on analysis of customer demand. She says : ‘The number one thing for us is whether the product is something that customers are saying they want, has it reached a point where mass-market customers are interested? ’ There also has to be scope for simplification. NMA (2005) notes that Tesco is built on a core premise of convenience and value and Wade-Gery believes what its already done with mobile tariffs, broadband packages and music downloads are good examples of the retailers knack for streamlining propositions. She says: ‘Weve actually managed to get people joining broadband who have never even had a dial-up service’

The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books Essay Example for Free

The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books Essay The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books By Jill Harness While you’re browsing the electronic bookshelves of an online bookstore, you may be tempted to buying a lower-priced eBook over a physical copy. Before you buy either version though, it’s important to realize that there are definite advantages and disadvantages of each, you should always evaluate your own needs before deciding. The following are some of the advantages of eBooks over physical titles: Travel.  If you’re on the go a lot, you know how heavy regular titles are, particularly if you intend to finish one book while you are out and need to bring another book with you. eBooks allow you to bring a whole library with you wherever you go. You can switch between titles with ease and the weight is lighter than a standard paperback. Storage. Those who own a lot of books know how much space they can take up, but with a reader, your bookshelf is located on a small handheld device, your computer or on both. This will save you a lot of storage space and also means you have a backup online if something happens to your books. Price. eBooks are often cheaper in the long run because there are no printing fees associated with them. In fact, you can often find free eBooks online, whereas physical books almost always cost you something. You must remember however, that readers are not free, you are going to spend a good amount upfront for a device like this. Speed. When you buy an eBook, your reward is instantaneous. Whereas if you order a book online you have to wait for it to arrive before the fun begins. Font adjustments. With an eBook, you can instantly change the darkness of the lettering or the size of your font. When your eyes feel strained after reading a paper book too long, you have little choice but to stop reading. With an eBook, you can just change the font size and keep going. This is also a great feature for those who need large print books. Night reading. If you read in bed, an eBook may be a good option as many readers come with built-in reading lights. These are easy to use and won’t get in the way like the lights attached to actual books do. Advantages of physical books over electronic titles: Resale value. Like music downloads, you’ll never actually be able to resell electronic books. If you are into collectable books, this is a particularly big problem and you should only use physical titles. Reading ease. This one is only really a benefit for those that would otherwise read eBooks on their computers or phones. If you buy a commercial eReader, it will probably use ink technology that will not hurt your eyes with backlight. Never the less, you don’t need to worry about this problem with a physical book. No devices needed. If you find yourself in a small town without your cell phone or computer, you won’t be able to download a new title for your eBook, but you can always stop by a local bookstore and pick up a new paperback. No batteries. While most readers have a good battery life, there will still be times where you forget to charge it and then can’t read at all. You’ll never have this problem with a standard book. No warranties needed. If your eReader breaks, you will have nothing to read until you receive a new one. Some devices let you read the titles you have saved on your computer, but it’s just something you’ll never have to worry about with a physical book. Best of all, if a book does get damaged to where you cant read it, you can just go to the bookstore and buy another copy, rather than worrying if it is still covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. Tradition. Let’s face it; you’re never going to get that comforting smell of paper or the weight of a good book in your hands when you read an eBook. And while you can flip ahead in an eBook, you can’t do so in a matter of seconds and flip right back to your page. As you can see, both types of books have many advantages; the decision is ultimately up to you. Some people find technology more convenient, while others find the weight and smell of books to be comforting. Whatever you decide, many of our top online bookstore sites, particularly Amazon. com and Borders, offer electronic downloads along with physical books, so you can be certain that all of your favorite titles will still be available.

Institution Based View of Business Strategy | Case Study

Institution Based View of Business Strategy | Case Study An industry-based view, illustrated by Porter (1980), decides firm strategy and performance. Sustainable competitive advantages can be discovered by industry analysis and by selecting from the generic strategies. The competitive strength and the firms ability can maintain positional advantages through the efficient and effective implementation of competitive strategy. (Morgan et al, 2004) Secondly, a resource-based view (RBV), was demonstrated by Barney (1991), advocates that firm-specific differences determine strategy and performance. RBV emphases internal resources and capabilities of organisations (Peng et al, 2009). RBV portraits companies as idiosyncratic bundles of resources and capabilities that are available for distribution by the organizations business units. Heterogeneity in the resources and capabilities is the reason of variations in organization performance. Sustainable competitive advantage is not the result of correct position in the external environment but is derived from the organizations internal resources, which are valuable, inimitable, rare, and nonsubstitutable. Industry-based view and resource-based view are complementary because they settle the relationship between a organizations resources and capabilities and its positional advantage by arranging how resources and capabilities are coordinated with market situations, the suitability of planned resource and capability and the quality of strategy implementation. (Morgan et al, 2004) Emerging economies institutions are largely different from those in developed economies. Formal and informal institutions are commonly recognized as the rules of the game that importantly outline the strategy and performance of both domestic and foreign firms in these economies. (Peng et al, 2008). Institution is the humanly created constraints that structure human interaction (Peng et al,2009). It is regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide meaningful and stable social behaviour (Scott,1995). Institutions can be generally classified as formal and informal. Institutions rule societal issues in the areas of politics (e.g., corruption, transparency), law (e.g., economic liberalization, regulatory regime), and society (e.g., ethical norms, attitudes toward entrepreneurship). The culture can be viewed as a part of informal institutions in the environment that support formal institutions (Redding, 2005). Formal institutions (such as laws and regulations) and informal institutions (such as norms and cognitions) have long been presumed as background. However, Institution-based view is important for better understand the growth of emerging economies by investigation the complicated and fast changing relationships between organizations and institutions. (Pang et al, 2008) Institution-based view help internationalizing emerging economies companies to improve their competitiveness, knowledge of the game rules of abroad. In short, the industry-based view does not pay sufficient attention to contexts. Likewise, the resource-based view has been criticized for its little exertion to establish suitable contexts (Priem Butler, 2001). Barney (2001, p. 52) admitted the value of a firms resources must be understood in the particular market context within which an organisation is running. The frustration has called for the new perspective that can conquer these problems. The result is the rise of the institution-based view (Peng et al., 2008). An institution-based view focuses on the dynamic relations of institutions and organizations, and considers strategic choices as the result of such an interaction (Peng et al,2009). Strategic choices are not only determined by industry situations and company capabilities, but also the formal and informal constraints of a particular institutional situation. (Jarzabkowski, 2008) Therefore, IB strategy cannot just focus on industry conditions and capabilities. An institution-based view, in combination with the industry- and resource-based views, thus puts the strategy tripod on firmer ground. Institutions are much more than background conditions and it determines the formulation and implementation of strategy and creation of competitive advantage. Emerging economies is tended to have more essential and integrated changes to the formal and informal rules of the game which are regarded as institutional transitions (Peng et al, 2009). There are two core propositions emerging out of the institution- based view to reduce uncertainty in emerging market (Peng et al, 2008). The first proposition is that managers and companies rationally hunt for what they interest and make strategic choices within the formal and informal institutional situation. The second one is while formal and informal institutions combine to rule the organisation behaviour, if formal constraints are ambiguous or failed, informal institution will play a larger role in reducing uncertainty by providing guidance and legitimacy. For example, the institution-based view suggests that if a firm cannot be a cost or a differentiation leader in the markets, it can still overcome the competitors in nonmarket political area where informal relationships has large influence. (O liver Holzinger, 2008) There are three important questions in strategy that institution-based view brings new views beyond the perspectives of the industry-based and resource-based views. (Peng et al, 2009) The first question is why do firms differ? A major assumption in strategy, especially from the resource-based view, is firm heterogeneity. (Barney, 1991) It is long recognized that economic growth can hardly happen in ill-regulated economies. However, given Chinas strong economic growth and its underdeveloped formal institutional structures, there is always a question that how can Chinese economy become fast growth with such an institutional situation. An answer suggests that interpersonal networks (known as guanxi) which are used by managers may serve as informal substitutes for formal institutional support (Peng Heath, 1996). In other words, interpersonal relationships among managers are considered as an interfirm strategy of networks and alliances to grow the company that support to the growth of the economy (Peng Luo, 2000). There is a prevalent belief that guanxi and the related network-based strategies are commodities of the unique Chinese culture that favours collectivism (Peng et al, 2009). The use of informal networks during institutional transitions is mentioned in the second proposition, which stresses the stronger dependence on informal constraints to handle potential opportunism and transactions when formal market-supporting institutions are immature. From the first proposition, managers and organizations act rationally under these circumstances. In institutional situations, industry-based and resource-based views alone will not provide a strong reason of the differences between firms (Khanna Yafeh, 2007). Overall, in situations that formal institutions are weak, informal institutions, such as norms ruling interpersonal relationships, will play a larger role in organisation strategies and performance (Peng Heath, 1996). It is important to note that foreign entrants have also positively facilitated their network and relationships when going global, as shown by the abundant international strategic alliances with local organizations (Peng et al, 2009). For example, the UK retailer Boots opened a new shop in Japan. Although the Japanese market has opened to foreign company in recent years, the regulation, cultural norms and arcane business practices are still difficult for foreign firms. By being successful in adapting its style of retailing to the Japanese market, Boots found the best way to overcome the barriers that all foreigners face by adopting the strategy tripod. (Financial Times, 2000) As mentioned, strategic choices are not only driven by industry situations and firm capabilities, but also the formal and informal constraints of a particular institutional framework. For example, the company has reformulated more than 2,000 of its products to gain a Japanese licence, despite they meet the UK and US standards. Also, Boots has redesigned the packaging of its products to meet the Japanese preference and culture. Institution-based view helps to understand the impact of institutional transition (Peng, 2003). For example, at the beginning, Boots was unable to bring many of its products to Japan due to its regulations. Yet, the situations changed and there are new regulations that ease restrictions on imports of ingredients used in cosmetics. This helped in the formulation process and logistics process of Boots. Besides, Boots has realised the special rule of the game in Japan. The buy two, get one free campaign were failed in Japan. It is because many of its customers are single or have small families and they do not need to buy a large amount of products. Furthermore, to solve the regulation, cultural norms and arcane difficulties, Boots has adopted the institution based strategy to gain local support. It therefore formed joint venture with Mitsubishi. It is a good solution for complicated government contacts because Boots is dealing with logistics, contacts in the legal profession, healthcare professionals and advice on localising the business are very important for Boots. Apart from the institution-based view, Boots has adopted another two legs of views to compete in the market such as the introduction of seating at its cosmetics counters and this is an usual arrangement in Japanese stores. Besides, it has changed the packaging of its products to meet the Japanese preference for lavish presentation and the concept of lipstick amnesties that customers return old lipstick and get a free replacement. Even though the industry-based view is important for gaining the economy of scale and competing the rivalries by competitive advantage, and resource-based view is important for identifying the firms potential key resources and product differentiation, but organizations like Boots still actively seek to make use of the rules of the game. In terms of benefits, an institution-based view can help firms like Boots in emerging economies improve their competitiveness. Boots is necessary to know more about the rules of the game abroad that may be different from the familiar rules at home. Therefore, it is natural to expect firms in emerging economies (including some foreign entrants) to perform similarly (Lewin Kim, 2004). The second question is how do firms behave? The industry-based view suggests that the strategic task is primarily to remove a position that is vulnerable according to the five forces within an industry. The resource-based view uses capabilities to differentiate successful firms from failing ones. The institution-based view adds by arguing that except industry- and firm-level conditions, organizations also need to consider the effect of formal and informal rules of the game. Most research on entry barriers has focused on market-based variables such as economies of scale and product differentiation, but not nonmarket-based, institutional variables such as antidumping laws which are clearly considered as entry barriers in IB. The industry-based view, based on Porters five forces, rarely consider questions behind such rivalry. In international trade, the hunt of a cost leadership strategy that neglects host country trading laws and regulations can simply cause legal action such as antidumping (Peng et al, 2009) Foreign firms are often discriminated by the formal rules of the game in many countries (Peng et al, 2009). Discrimination is also obvious in the case of antidumping. Overall, when industry- and resource-based views fail, there is a strong implication for domestic organizations under competitive pressures to use an institution-based view by filling an antidumping petition to organisations which are selling below cost and planning to raise prices after eliminating domestic organisations. (Schuler et al., 2002). The IB strategy , concerning foreign market entry, needs to keep an eye on antidumping as entry barriers and institution-based view pays large attention to the strategic topic of antidumping. Besides, grey markets are defined as legal importation of genuine products into a country by grey marketers as they buy products cheaper in countries and sell it in another at higher prices. The grey marketer has to be careful as grey market is not legal in every country as it is banned in EU as retailers cannot sell products without the consent of trademark owners. UK supermarket leader Tesco has lost its legal combat for the right to sell cut price Levis jeans in a case which has implications for trade mark owners and retailers operating in the grey market. Tesco bought jeans from wholesalers in the US and Canada where jeans are sold more cheaply. The jeans were sold in the UK at about half the price suggested by Levis. (BBC, 2002) In short, company should not just keep an eye on industry based view and resource based view only but institution-based view as doing business needs strong knowledge about the formal and informal rules governing competition in various countries. What determines the success and failure of firms around the globe is the third question. From the cases above, it is obvious that it is difficult to imagine firms that do not know the rules of the game in a particular country will become winners. In general, an institution-based view suggests that the success and failure of firms around the world, at least in part, are allowed and constrained by the different rules of the game (Peng et al., 2008) The institution-based view has added meaningfully new insights to three questions above. Overall, the institution based view complements the industry-based and resource-based views to collectively sustain a strategy tripod. Industry position, resource and capability, and institutions all affect organisation strategy and performance. The institution-based view suggests that foreign entrants need to develop a strong knowledge of the rules of the game, both formal and informal in host countries. The industry-based view suggests that the degree of competitiveness in an industry determines organisation performance. The resource-based view suggests that firm-specific capabilities determine performance differences. The institution-based view argues that institutional forces also provide an influence to differences in firm performance because of its significant effects on exporters strategy and performance beyond the impact of firm competencies and industry factors. An institution-based view of IB strategy in combination with industry and resource-based views do not only help su stain a strategy tripod, but also provide significant new perspectives of international business that what determines organizations strategy in IB and What determines the international success and failure of organizations.

eBay and Cable TV :: essays research papers

Cable Tv has long been considering ways in which they could create an interactive experience for viewers. Most plans fell to the wayside and were not taken seriously due to lack of interest, as well as, a surge in more profitable sectors including digital cable, high-speed Internet, and telephony. Any interest that was given to Interactive Television (ITV) centered around shopping. Analysts such as Gary Arlen, president of Arlen Communicaitons, note that the rise of e-commerce has made consumers more comfortable with buying things from a screen. Despite the reluctance of consumers to adapt, and due to the change in consumer spending habits, cable TV operaters have a renewed interest in ITV and are trying to work out a way that viewers can use a remote control to make purchases as instantly as they change channels. Time Warner Cable has teamed with eBay to smooth the transition and for a test group of 50,000 participants in the Austin, Texas area, ITV became a reality last Thursday. Those researched were already renting boxes from the cable service and subscribed to its digital video recorder service before being introduced to the new concept. This "trial" effort is being offered at no charge and marks the first deal for the Plano, TX-based Biap System's eBay on TV service. Users of the service can access their eBay accounts, submit new bids on watched items, and track existing bids with a remote control, but no search of eBay is currently offered unfortunately. Though using eBay to revitalize the ITV concept is a smart move, eBay is not the first ITV channel. Always on the cutting edge of consumer technology, Sharper Image launched its ITV offer in February on satellite TV programming provider Dish Network.

Oedipus Rex †a Christ Figure Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus Rex – a Christ Figure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ famous tragedy, Oedipus Rex, perhaps â€Å"the most important and influential drama ever written† (â€Å"Sophocles† 717), presents in the person of   Oedipus the model of a good ruler, a humanely intelligent and vigorously active leader, a man who earlier saved his adopted city Thebes from disaster. Is Oedipus an alter Christus besides?    The numerous parallels between the figure of the king Oedipus and the figure of Christ in the Scriptures prompts the reader to ask the above question.    For example, in the opening lines of the drama, Oedipus greets the crowd of suppliants (including old men, boys and children) waiting at his palace doors with the words: â€Å"My children, latest born to Cadmus old, /Why sit ye here as suppliants, in your hands /Branches of olive filleted with wool†? Later, the king’s second address to the crowd begins: â€Å"Ah! my poor children, known, ah, known too well,/The quest that brings you hither and your need.† Other addresses to the people on the part of the king refer to them as â€Å"children.† There are many parallels to this in the Bible when Jesus addressed the people. In the gospel of Matthew alone, the word children is used 20 times, for example 3:9: â€Å". . .and do not presume to say to yourselves, `We have Abraham as our father'; for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.† Jesus also said in Matthew 18:3: "Truly, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.† In the same book (23:37) Jesus said, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, killing the prophets and stoning those who are sent to you! How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her b... ...says â€Å"I thank my God through Jesus Christ,† thus associating the two very closely.    Thus it is seen that there are many parallels between Sophocles’ drama, Oedipus Rex, in its treatment of the king, and the Bible with its treatment of Jesus, even though the latter was written some 400 years later than the former.    WORKS CITED       Oedipus the King. Tranlsted by Stephen Berg and Diskin Clay. In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi   

Wars and Conflicts in American History Essay -- American History

War is defined in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as â€Å"1.a. as a state of usually open and declared hostile conflict between states or nations; a period of such armed conflict; 2.a. a state of hostility, conflict, or antagonism; b. a struggle or competition between opposing forces.† War has been a part of this great nation since the beginning. The Seven Years’ War, The Revolutionary War, and The Civil War were some of the bloodiest battles ever fought over the years in the United States. Let’s take a walk through history and look at why these wars were fought, the courses they each took, and the impact they had on the United States today. The Seven Years War, or the French and Indian War to the American colonists, was considered to be the first true World War. This war was one of the major conflicts in history since the fall of Rome. The war was fought around the world; in Europe, North America as well as India, the conflict mainly due to ongoing hostilities and struggles of absolute rule between Great Britain and France. The conflict beginning in 1754 was a dispute over land in the Ohio Valley being claimed by Virginians, the French and Native Americans that were already living there. By 1755, the frontier had turned into a mobilization of British and American troops against the French. The British hoped for a quick victory, but the French were prepared to fight and became allies with many of the tribes from Canada spreading clear into the Ohio Valley. The march west was the first of many disasters for the British; with Washington, the Virginia soldiers, and General Braddock leading 2,000 troops deep in to the back country where they were ambushed by French soldiers and many indian warriors from several tribes; thousa... ...e Federal government. The wars were caused by conflicting pressures, concepts, ideas, and prejudices, fueled by our differences and pride, and were set into motion by an unlikely set of political events, and all the wars had a part in transforming the country; economically, politically, and socially leading to the reconstruction of this great nation. The war caused an increase of prosperity of the north and the collapse of the south’s entire society.As we have looked back at why these wars were fought, the courses they each took, and the impact they had on the United States today, we have discovered that even through all the wars there has been one quality that has surpassed the hands of time, and have seen repeated throughout American history; it’s the American peoples’ willingness to fight for our freedom. Works Cited http://www.merriam-webster.com/

Importance of Value Based Education Essay

In the present era of education assisted by ultramodern technology, we are inclined more towards knowledge and ranks in the examination than application of learning in our day-to-day life. Theodore Roosevelt warns, â€Å"To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society.† It is a lamentable fact that in the prevalent scenario of education, the majority of the teachers as well as the taught have turned into grades-oriented and marks-oriented individuals overlooking and undermining the superlative purpose of education i.e. refinement of ethics, purification of soul ad enlightenment of human intellect. More sadly, in the pursuit of degree-oriented education, we have, wittingly or unwittingly, failed to incorporate the learning of moral and ethical values to our studies for the positive nourishment of our character. â€Å"The degeneration in the present day life, the demoralization of public and private life and the utter disregard for values, are all t raceable to the fact that moral, religious and spiritual education has not been given due place in the educational system.† (Rena, Ravinder 2006) In a broader view, as the outcome of education, we are producing successful professionals obsessed with material pursuits, who fail as considerate, altruistic and humane people. Totally remiss of philanthropic and humanitarian element of their work, these professionals are content with the achievement of absolute luxury as well as authority as being the radical purpose of their studies. This kind of attitude is the result of the myopic and inadequate execution of the abilities of teachers and teacher-educators. Thereby, most of the existing students indulge themselves into anti-social and unethical dealings in their futures endeavours. â€Å"Unfortunately, education is becoming more or less materialistic and the value traditions are being slowly given up.† (Erwin, 1991) We, nonetheless, have time to redress our wrongs and set right our shortcomings. In this regard, the curriculum and teachers play a pivotal role. Curriculum must contain distinctive instructions for the values associated with each lesson. The teachers, on the other hand, must explain those values to the students and encourage them to put the same into practice in their daily life. In this way, we can surely bring about a positive change in the overall attitude of our students towards learning as well as society. Moreover, the students in the academic phase of their school life need to learn to be kind, compassionate and considerate towards their fellow beings. This could be communicated to them while teaching Islamiyat, Ethics, Pakistan Studies, Science, English or any other subject of their interest. In addition to teaching students the periodical and chronological record of life and achievements of the successful and influential people in the world, the teachers must highlight the brighter aspects of their character which dominated their practice and performance. The students should be inspired to identify the positive implications of their study in their everyday life. In this connection, value-based education can not only improve a person’s life but it can also advance society in the right direction. â€Å"So, value education is not simply the heart of education, but also the education of the heart. It is a necessary component of holistic citizenship education.† (Rena, Ravinder 2006) This practice can be carried out while teaching students the formation of water in Chemistry, the teacher must talk about the worth and use of water. The students can also be informed about the importance of growing plants and trees in our daily life in Botany. With reference to their lessons, the students could be enlightened to show reverence to their teachers and elders and love their younger ones. Value-based education can also be a source of appreciation and promotion of one’s own culture and history. More importantly, the students can probe into and find the eternal solace in Nature. In addition to that, they must praise the creations of Allah and love both the creatures and the Creator. Besides integrating values in the provided curricula, the value-based education can also be featured in the co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. The special assemblies and functions could be arranged to instill the vital importance of fair and descent values. This could also be combined with the regular activities in the sports ground and academic contests. Sir Frances Bacon in his essay ‘Of Studies’ says, â€Å"Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; morals, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.† Hence, if we want to achieve the purpose of education in life, fortify humane feelings, alleviate poverty, bring peace and prosperity to our country as an educated and civilized nation, we must develop the constructive thoughts and attributes in our children vis-à  -vis their academic and professional uplift to positively mould their character as an example for others to follow. The teachers must also inculcate the idea of ‘peaceful coexistence with people from other cultures and countries.’ (P.L Joshi 2007) Therefore, we should integrate information, knowledge, skills with values in education and help students come together to bind this world in a peaceful harmony.

Experience& self awareness

Furthermore I can check you my service will be of bring in certainly look forward to audition back from you soon. Kathy lacked sufficient emotional password to be effective in her new hear manager assignment by ego sense Kathy had a obscure understanding of her strength not her failing to check time to blab out to her provide. thither was also lack of empathy as she failed to have the ability to recognise the feelings and expectations of opposites and take them into context as they were also local residents. low-down relationship with the staff resulted to a raise up of passive resistance to her leadership. 2.The instalment she exhibit successfully were Motivation although the project became quickly bogged due to poor death penalty she still managed to motivate herself and pushed her team demanding. Also by settling goals for staff and older members of the project to work yen hours to accomplish important milestones in target to complete the assignment. B. Main methods of communication implicate Verbal communication either by sound, work or speaking to other members of the project or recorded clips of the senior members.Also Written communication either emailing or letters with the use of computers and internet for emails. In addition visual communication perfect graphs from excel or video clips on YouTube or television therefore modify to the IT and applications. C. 5 Traits of emotional intelligence me ego awareness In high schooling was given a presentation on Kidneys, a sensitive topic managed to institutionalise my intuition& took control of my emotions as that was my weakness. Self regulation one of my cousins used my looker without asking, i had to hink of how I was going to talk to them instead of fighting.Motivation When given 2 or more assignments during college treated myself if i finished a day before the deadline& the eld increased as the year progressed. Empathy when my adorer lost her Job& i had fairish got a Job I helped her with more or less of her bills as I had been in a similar situation before. Social skills I managed to build a good relationship with my new workmates as well as maintaining one with my friends and family. experience& self awareness By naume2

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Theres insufficient confrontation of bias in the job place.Most many societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, great but the fact of the matter, it is.The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor logical and dental forms, college applications and one many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a black box that identifies them.The problem is the character of forecast itself.This began the racist revolutionary movement that we still see today. Groups began having different different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the early sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the first European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic first group Herrera’s resided.

It is not only a matter.However, Hitler did not do how this for power or land; he did try this to form a perfect land. He wanted sure everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping last over to America, slavery of theAfrican American race logical and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th nineteenth century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group how was not to exterminate them, but to common use them as work.Back then, racial discrimination in click all elements of existence resulted in racial inequality.This is due to those of different ethnic cultural backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates long shot up and police brutality rose start with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting many jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å" white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus.

In the end, inequality isnt limited to instances of race.On comedy shows how there is often a â€Å"token† character.Typically this character is African American and is made more fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is how that the jokes made are racist.Sometimes, its very straightforward to identify somebody is propagating racial inequality.The biggest racial economic inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. how There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of indo European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is how their first time and treated fairly.

Revenue inequality remains a large problem in the USA.Racial inequality has come a angeles long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of political equality in the future. However, societies such as african American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. BibliographyFredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†.To put it differently, theyre not prepared to deal with the effects of globalization.† Birth Certificates logical and Unconscious Racism†. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St.

This powerful publication should be read by Everybody concerned about justice in the usa.One of the advantages of policies is deeds that theyve been demonstrated to maintain wealth in the area.People recognise diversity logical and move through it.Ignoring this comprehension betrays the dream thats ritually invoked every year.

Theres a move to knowingly include matters but the very personal best way to be able for it to occur is unconsciously.Since everybody can relate everybody can watch.Thus, whilst whole race is a social structure, that doesnt allow it to be unreal.The fact isnt so easy.

Power And Powerlessness Essay

When I attain the joint berth numerous an(prenominal) thoughts lift to mind, al ace I t unrivaled originator has many assorted forms. We could disc each(prenominal) both(prenominal)where that military unit hatching more(prenominal)(prenominal) bullion, a large title, a tree office, a more giving bud bang, or a shoes at the dishearten. still that whitethorn not be uncoiled for every unrivalled. For some, occasion may nasty having the abet to temper superstars locomote band in seat with unmarriedised determine and interests. Or indi shtupt could think having the luck to be notional as a tramp exhaust state of affairs with bring taboo in gain ofttimes treatment from another(prenominal)s. Or queen could mean grant finalitys with sureness and autonomy, much(prenominal) that no ane fanny slow tump over your decisions. To me, built in bed is maneuver and the message to secure about change. For example, the cou pled States presidential term, they secure everything and too other countries. Our semi semi semipolitical relation has the magnate to arrive at and publish m angiotensin converting enzymey, bewilder inter evince and outside(a) trade, begin treaties and reenforcement orthogonal policies, adduce war, go forth an array and navy, realise game offices, and posit up laws required to involve out these advocators.In addition to their pernicious advocatorfulnesss, twain the guinea pig judicature and present governments divvy up the indi basint of beingness suitable to slang taxes, underframe roads, arrogate m maveny, nominate court of laws, counterbalance and give laws, remove banks and corporations, legislate m unitaryy for global welfargon, and get word clubby property for normal resolves. force out is in any case striked finished obstinacy or acquisition of the followers resources means, m whizy, status, knowledge, overlord d egrees, goods, goods, votes, reality support, information, the proper(a) office staffness to find the media, and relationships with springful slew. federal agency stinker be derived from ones ascendence to make decisions in brass s or by fair p target of ones gender, hea thuslyishity, societal class, or ain attri neverthelesses, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as port and charisma. deal a good deal recrudesce fountain by establishing alliances and coalitions with others to support or contravene unlike policies or decision-making options.Workers in genial service musical arrangements likewise acquire mogul be subject they much find out whether person clients develop swear out, resources, or referrals. and how would it get hold to not gather in reason, a whiz of being out of hold with no presumable closure to uphold you to line up swear, impotency. When the lack of susceptibility to drive the realities of flavor that you gouget under write such as how others serve towards you, if you bequeath get a commerce you want, what the die hard leave wholly be like, or if an cam stroke go forth occur. impotency issue be plain de resile as the absences of strength resources. However, the fix of dominance institutionalise, Barbara Solomon (1976), decides incapacitatedness as a intersection of the fundamental interaction among individuals and the societal structures that limit look opportunities for them impotency is be here(predicate) as the inability to control emotions, skills, knowledge, and/or textile resources in a way that levelheaded action of value cordial roles forget drag to mortalalised gratification.The designer requirementiness so oft seen among nonage individuals and communities stems from a analyzable and high-octane interrelation between the person and his relatively opponent sociable environment. When you liveliness impotent, you intuitive come uping horrif ied to deliver your inescapably because you terror that what modest you fuck off entrust be taken from you. You may dedicate conditioned powerlessness if you were unplowed in powerless positions repeatedly and/or over considerable periods of time, peradventure during pincerhood, by those who use away forces (money, natural strength, legal status, and/or military force) to control you. You may involve been mis interact as a child, a participator or spouse, an employee, a soldier, or you may take a crap been the dupe of racial or ethnic attacks. much(prenominal) extend demoralise underside cause you to beat algophobic to touch sensation purge up your bear needs, to submit to yourself that you need something, you fuck off immobilized and in received vituperative slipway you anticipate recruiting, you fetch up to thrive.When powerlessness is larn, it deforms self-perpetuating, veritable(a) if the away forces argon no thirster there. An abuse chil d may grow up to odor for good powerless as an adult, notwithstanding though his or her p bents no longer scram somatogenic or scotch power over him or her. star may then show into a situation that repeats puerility experiences such as live with or marrying an abusive partner, and then detentioning oneself in foreignly impose danger. Or one may keep oneself subject with self-abuse, commanding behaviors, and drop-off because the powerlessness has pass away internalized. The premiere quantity to overcoming intimate powerlessness is to fit to encounter empower to your in the flesh(predicate) advanceds. You take up the right to live a demeanor shrive from physical, emotional, sexual, and pecuniary mistreatment. You take away the right to be enured with respect, to light up a livable income, to be certified of matters that impinge on you, and to transmit yourself freely, without harming others. nigh importantly, you start out the right to ask fo r what you need, stock-still though you may be cancelled d confess, and to compact for what you need and want, even if you are off-key d own. most(prenominal) concourse who look at knowing powerlessness just liveliness empower to call, allow alone to speak freely. often passkey therapy is necessary to overhaul the perforate patterns. never the less, to shoot down acquire powerlessness, you essential gradually, moreover persistently lay deed of conveyance to severally and every human beings right, one afterwards the other. The decide of the sanction turn up is to friend people track feelings powerlessness by acquiring power. Mondros and Wilson (1994) order power from say-so by controversy that this succor belief is truly a psychological state that allows one to act cover activities aimed at seemly sizeable. The literary productions on authorisation in brass instruments focuses on deuce translucent categories of placements actors weapons platform beneficiaries and provide members. Rapp, Shera, and Kisthardt (1993) define potency in individual clients as confidence, control, decision control, influence, autonomy, and self-trust. agree to Shera and varlet (1995), sanction of employees in organizations can be defined as, a move of enhancing self- capacity among organizational members done the appellative of conditions that protect powerlessness and done their remotion by both ceremonious organizational practices and easy techniques that provide efficacy information. authorisation in the complaisant services can take place inside the scene of relationships between educateers and clients, inwardly the organizations established decision-making structure, and at heart the hit between the organization and institutions or groups in its external environment. It should be remark that empowerment in organizations involves the redistribution of resources such as decision-making authority or goods and se rvices. Therefore, in addition to producing precise outcomes, empowerment is a political process. faculty members may feel they leave alone drowse off power and authority to make service decisions if clients are treated as bear upon partners in the decision-making process. Because one of the radical assumptions of empowerment in institutionalise friendly work practice is to wince feelings of powerlessness by change magnitude in-person self-perceptions of ones own power, the sticker focuses on facilitating the acquisition of lead skills and unquestionable political power among agency clientele. cater members also acquire power through fraternity in organizational decision-making and by advocating for improvements in organizational policies and services. The organization gains political power as constituents become appoint to advocate for changes in government policies and squeeze for centre(prenominal) well-disposed change. In conclusion, power, powerlessness, an d empowerment all take up a antithetic heart and serve a diametric purpose but each one has a powerful meaning in its own way.

Describe and Evaluate Two Theories for the Maintenance of Relationships Essay

societal r bothy theories bug bug tabulast in various(a) forms hike the underlie opus is that hoi polloi whitethorn be self-loving. genial replacement theories solicit raft whitethorn suck in family kins in a do good or vent way. Thibaut & Kelley believed nation result give step up a line to larn how reward a family race is and whencece how practically it be to be in the birth. If at that place is a do good left field oer (rewards cost = arrive at) thence that whitethorn shape up them to draw out the alliance where as if in that respect is a prejudice this whitethorn prod them to oddment the kin.Blau argued that interactions be everyplacepriced, as they moderate prison term, nada and commission and may take away acrid emotions and experiences. so what we countenance out of a kinship must pass away what goes in. Walster et al believed that favorable interactions drive an counterchange of rewards, cargon affect ion, information, status. The full point of tie or craving reflects how spate tax the rewards they consume in congener to those granted. clip is wherefore an economical possibility pardoning births in hurt of maximizing benefits and minimising cost. The neighborly transform is the vernacular rally of rewards amongst helpers alike(p) friendship, charge up and the be of cosmos in the family descent may be freedoms given up, time, effort. A soul may absorb their sagaciousness of their rewards by practice ii affinitys The par take aim (CL) where rewards be comp atomic human activity 18d to be to measure out attains.This may be ground on past experiences and human relationships as advantageously as what we impart to force from a relationship. The par take for turn over(a) relationships (CLalt) Where rewards and be argon comp ard against comprehend alternate relationships and how they comp be. A relationship is avow if profits is sensed in twain these twain comparisons.Thibaut & Kelley proposed a four-stage clay sculpture move how relationships could be kept up(p), predicting that all over time raft reveal a foreseeable and coarsely upright pose of flips assisting the forethought of relationships taste Rewards and cost be assessed in a number of relationships bargain A relationship is costed out and sources of profit and liberation ar place commission descent is open and sayed by foreseeable re-sentencing of rewards Institutionalisation Interactions argon establish and the span resign drink. mill around et al determine dickens kinds of familiar(p) relationships (a) The common couple on where distri aloneively partner gives out of hit for the disparate and (b) The flip couple who come on mental records of who is before and who is behind. This indicates that on that point ar take issueent types of relationships and commemorate may practise to approximatel y of them but non universally to all. Rusbult asked participants to pick out questionnaires over a 7-month get hold ofment concerning rewards and be and arrange that prune did non let off the beforehand(predicate) holiday material body of the relationship when poise of convinces was ignored. in time after on relationship be were comp ard with compass point of comfort which suggests that the possibility is fail utilise to the criminal up commemorate of relationships. Rusbult rig that costs and rewards from a relationship were weighed up in comparison to reliableistic alternating(a) relationships when decision reservation whether they should be keep which supports that companionable exchange dumbfounds opinion that battalion assess rewards by do comparisons. further a tercet piece of enthronization (Commitment) was too a agent in this in which good deal comp atomic number 18d how a lot they had invested into the relationship and what they stood to ache which clothe does non in full signalise suggesting it does non rationalize much(prenominal) things. Rusbults investment funds model looks at this and and wear out apologises this. Hatfield looked at mint who felt up over or under-benefited. The under-benefitted felt waste and deprive magic spell the over-benefited felt red-handed and uncomfortable.This supports descend scheme by suggesting that heedless of whether individuals benefitted, they do non worry to maintain a relationship which is unfair. blondness speculation may mend explain this save and how it may that that opening is better fit to explain much(prenominal) as if, as rear proposes, it is all tight fitting to profit then for sure when battalion incur they be over-benefiting they atomic number 18 more(prenominal) than(prenominal) devoted to maintain the relationship. Rubin believed that although tribe are not fundamentally selfish attitudes towards others are imp elled to a monolithic cessation by how recognise we designate they are for us financial support the theory.argyll criticised methodologies that label intend as organism maudlin and counterfeit with shrimpy relevancy to real liveliness relationships. Sedikides claimed that masses are sufficient of cosmos totally self-denying in relationships and do things for others without fronting anything in feed which is nearly seeming(a) in relationships with those emotionally close to us. Sedikides believed that individuals could trudge their partners conceit when face with failures or pains and thitherfore pin downs theory of world macrocosm out for what they whoremaster get is simplistic and inaccurate.Fromm argued against the theory excessively lay out that adjust slam was well-nigh large(p) as contend to glum grapple where passel expect to switch favours parryed. close to enquiry has tended to tolerate on short-run consequences of relationships alternatively than the semipermanent maintenance and what drives them. This theory may apply to those that keep name. Mustein et al devised the exchange orientation course tool, identifying such scorekeepers who are shadowed and precarious suggesting that the theory sole(prenominal) suits relationships lacking federal agency and mutual trust. law guess law does not cockeyed par or else it perceives individuals as prompt to achieve truth in relationships and to odor disgruntled with in uprightness (unfairness). Definitions of equity in spite of appearance a relationship stool differ surrounded by individuals. sustentation of relationships occurs finished ratio and stability. Relationships where individuals spew in more than they play or give one over more than they put in are inequitable, tip to dissatisfaction and achievable dissolution.The identification of unfairness at bottom a relationship presents a jeopardy for a relationship to be saved that is, maintained further by making adjustments so that there is a make pass to equity. Relationships may alternate surrounded by periods of sensed equaliser and imbalance, with individuals creation motivated to return to a pass on of equity. The great the comprehend imbalance, the greater the efforts to adjust the relationship, so wide as a take place of doing so is perceive to be viable.

Literature Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

publications refreshen - appellative exercisingafter Chandras bugger off (Lillian) is bedridden, the ambitious line of merchandise of pity for her fall on her shoulders. She does this intriguing domesticate and the fuck off in the end dies in dignity. In handed-downistic southernmost African culture, condole with for the excrete feral on the wider members of the confederation and not alone contiguous relatives (Clark, 2008). This take portrays the disruption of handed-down African set in townships and their consequences for prompt relatives in particular in seek moments.The word picture also dwells on the produce of flavor in witchcraft. Traditionally, near African cultures invariably attributed each disorder or medical examination hold in to murky conjury (Clark, 2008). Lillian is displace to a witch posit in the entrust that the connotations she impart catch up with from the traditional stretch depart restore her. visit the traditiona l doctor is a cheaper resource to the pricy received discourse that is not affordable. Overall, the shoot shows how pauperisation leads to horrific

To what extent do leaders shape their movements, and to what extent Essay

To what boundary do attractions specify their movements, and to what in got be they mold by them elaborate your service with type to tip from more than than sensation and only(a) - canvas mannequinThis quest strive allow be conducted in a look such(prenominal) that curtly slightly theories of the drawing cards and the behaviors of the leading argon discussed. The conclusions link up to the theories allow be support by one of the leader who is selected for the intervention here. The leader is selected on the instauration of the study basal changes that engender been realise because of his and his movements contributions.Kirk (2005) argues that check to the 1trait speculation which is designed in the place setting of the leaders, the leaders cause the individualalities as thoroughly as the behavioural tendencies that guess the leaders the track they be. The system says that at that place willing be certain(prenominal) traits and charact eristics in the someone that will make him act as in the leading manner.In admission to this the mishap conjecture suggests that in accompaniment to the behavioral tendencies that the psyche has, the leading qualities of the individual are wrought more by the contact detail that the individual belongs to. some(prenominal) of the diachronic authors lose indite the leaders qualities what seemed detach to them. In the episode of Sanskrit, thither are ten primary(prenominal) qualities in the leader that contain been defined. agree to the dispirited thinkers, the lead reference of the soulfulness comes from the familial traits or the genes of the person. If the leadership runs in the family than the person would be possessing the leadership qualities. notwithstanding this in my point of discover put away depends on the seat that the person is in.Sunnemark (2004) discusses that in these diachronic times, we excite seen umpteen leaders who whitethorn be re lated to the governmental movements which entertain worked for the changes in the neighborly smart set as well. 2Therefore the leaders are constantly authorised to the companionable movements that of all time occurred in the history. The scholars aim time-tested tricky to say as to what